Lead is a toxic metal that can accumulate in the body, capable of damaging organs, including the brain, and causing seizures when it reaches high levels.
The CDC last changed its standard for young children nine years ago, and experts think the change announced Thursday was overdue. Though the CDC said it would look into an update every four years, work on a definition revision was impeded during the Trump administration, according to Patrick Breysse, who heads the CDC’s National Center for Environmental Health.
Children can be exposed to lead through old paint, dust that’s been contaminated and by drinking water that travels through lead pipes, the AP reported. Even levels below the CDC standard may have adverse impacts on children, who can absorb four to five times as much lead as adults who were exposed to the same source.
For more reporting from the Associated Press, see below.
“There is no safe lead level,” Dr. Marissa Hauptman, a pediatrician at Boston Children’s Hospital who sees children exposed to lead.
When a child is found to have elevated blood lead levels, public health officials are supposed to try to find the source and take steps to clean it up. Hauptman said she hoped the standard change would come with additional funding for that work, but CDC officials said there was no new funding accompanying Thursday’s announcement.
Lead poisoning is assessed using a measurement of micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood. In the late 1970s, the average blood lead level in U.S. children ages 1 to 5 was 15 micrograms per deciliter. The most recently reported measure, covering the years 2011-2016, was 0.83 micrograms.
That drop among U.S. kids was attributed to laws that phased out the use of lead in paints and gasoline and other prevention and cleanup efforts. But as overall lead levels dropped, scientists accumulated evidence that even small amounts of lead can affect intellectual development.
In 1991, the standard for children was set at 10 micrograms per deciliter. In 2012, it was reduced to 5 micrograms. The new standard announced Thursday is 3.5 micrograms.
The change has been in the works for years. Health officials concluded in the waning days of the Obama administration that the standard should be lowered. But during the Trump administration, it failed to achieve the necessary sign-offs from entities like the White House Office of Management and Budget, Breysse said.
“This administration is more supportive,” he said.
David Rosner, a Columbia University public health historian, said the CDC is “vulnerable to the political winds.”
“The fact that they are doing it now is an indication they feel a little freed up,” said Rosner, who has co-authored books about lead poisoning and other forms of pollution.
Lead exposure can be a problem anywhere, but research shows it’s a larger problem in poor communities and is concentrated in cities in the Northeast and Midwest with older housing.
Hauptman said the standard change is complicated by the recent recall of a test kit.
Earlier this year, Magellan Diagnostics Inc. recalled some of its blood lead testing kits because some were giving falsely low blood lead levels. This month, the CDC notified doctors that the recall had been expanded to most of the kits distributed in the last year.
“When you are talking about a level of 3.5, that precision matters,” Hauptman said.
Health officials have stressed that other types of blood lead testing have remained available. But some also noted the standard change comes at a time they are dealing with other challenges.
For example, the Baltimore City Health Department’s lead screening programs were paused last year, as staff and resources were shifted to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. The department plans to resume its lead testing program in January, a spokesman said in an email to the AP.
